This spreadsheet contains data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) composition or other waste types (household, plastics) compiled by Jasmine McHugh under the supervision of Dr. Simron Singh (University of Waterloo, Canada) between September and December 2025.

This report highlights key insights from the state-of-art review on the availability, circulation and integrity of critical resources (e.g., food, water, energy, waste, and infrastructure) and associated climate impacts in the Maldives. This country review is the first in a series of three, conducted as part of the RECOVER project, a needs-driven initiative funded by Climate Adaptation and Resilience initiative (CLARE). The project is aimed at addressing climate change adaptation through a multi-risk and multi-sector approach in the Maldives, Mauritius and Fiji. This briefing report provides an overview on Maldives, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Indian Ocean, its climate and resource-use challenges, and ongoing efforts to address some of these.

This briefing note provides an overview on Mauritius, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Indian Ocean. The overall purpose is to provide a state-of-the-art review on the climate and resource-use challenges in Mauritius, and ongoing efforts to address some of these. The report begins by providing the big picture, or context of SIDS more generally, and the unique development, economic, and climate challenges they face. After a brief country background on Mauritius, the report details how climate change is impacting Mauritius’ critical resources such as water, energy, food, and infrastructure. The review ends with ongoing adaptation measures adopted by this small island nation.

SIDS have both opportunities and challenges – economic, social and environmental vulnerability – for low-carbon development. Economically, SIDS are highly dependent on international trade, have limited domestic markets, are too small to provide significant scale economies, as their exports are constrained by their remote location. In this chapter, the inequities and vulnerabilities of a small island that is dependent on another main island are explored. The objective is to identify the pathway for a rapid transition from a carbon-intensive to a low-carbon economy, while effort reap the benefits of improved health of the population and make subsequent improvements on adaptive capacities and resilience to climate change. Although the contribution of small island states in term of greenhouse gas emissions is insignificant, the islands are equally responsible for lowering their carbon emissions and responding to the obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

Reducing greenhouse emission is high on the agenda of any country. Given that greenhouse gas emission from the energy sector is the biggest share, increasing the share of renewable energy emerges as an option to improve energy security and decarbonizing the electricity mix. This study provides some of the pertinent strategies and measures that can help policymakers to achieve the goal in terms of greenhouse gas emission reduction and phasing out of coal. Some of the measures such as dispatchable generation from biomass and prosumer market can be easily implemented in the short term, while others such as price of biomass and time use of tariff can be implemented on the short term with some difficulties. There are some measures such as offshore wind farm and dispatchable generation from waste-to-energy that can only be implemented on a long term with some difficulties as there might be opposition to such projects.

This dataset showcases Mauritius' share of electricity generation by energy source for the year 2021. It includes the percentage contributions of various renewable sources including bagasse, hydro, wind, landfill gas, and photovoltaic (PV), also contributions from fossil fuels including fuel oil and diesel, and coal.

This dataset showcases the electricity production in Mauritius during 2021, identifying the various energy sources and distinguishing between generation by the Central Electricity Board (CEB) and Independent Power Producers (IPP). Sources include oil, coal, bagasse, solar, hydro, landfill gas (LFG), and wind. Quantities are provided in gigawatt hours, with subtotals for CEB and IPP generation and a total production figure.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have been impacted by and responded to COVID-19 in ways that give us clues about vulnerabilities under climate change, as well as pathways to resilience. Here, we reflect on some of these experiences drawing on case study examples from the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean SIDS, exploring how SIDS have responded to COVID-19 and considering the potential for coping mechanisms enacted for the pandemic to support long-term resilience to climate change. Island responses to the pandemic highlight both new directions, like tourist schemes that capitalize on the rise of remote working in Barbados and Mauritius, and reliance on tried and tested coping mechanisms, like bartering in Fiji. Some of the actions undertaken to respond to the pressures of the pandemic, such as visa schemes promoting “digital nomadism” and efforts to grow domestic food production, have climate resilience and equity dimensions that must be unpacked if their potential to contribute to more sustainable island futures is to be realized. Importantly, the diversity of contexts and experiences described here illustrates that there is no single “best” pathway to climate-resilient post-pandemic futures for SIDS. While the emerging rhetoric of COVID-19 recovery often speaks of “roadmaps,” we argue that the journey towards a climate-resilient COVID-19 recovery for SIDS is likely to involve detours, as solutions emerge through innovation and experiment, and knowledge-sharing across the wider SIDS community. This article is categorized under: Climate and Development > Sustainability and Human Well-Being Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Assessing Climate Change in the Context of Other Issues

In recent years, the concept of circular economy has gained increasing attention from both businesses and governments. The African continent has started to adopt circular economy–related policies at national or regional levels, but it is not yet mainstream. Literature on circular economy has mainly focused on developed countries in the global north with limited attention given to the potential of circular economy for developing countries especially in the context of African islands. In this paper, we fill this gap by providing existing baselines regarding CE for 9 African islands and present their existing strategies that could foster the development of a circular economy. Adopting the Ellen MacArthur Foundation diagram and the ReX framework, we use different components of the combined frameworks to situate the various initiatives. We show that African islands have led an array of initiatives especially in waste management and also in regenerating natural resources. However, various challenges remain, such as the lack of national umbrella frameworks that would ensure circularity across actions. Countries with more favourable socio-economic and political contexts such as Reunion Island or Mauritius implement policies relating to a circular economy. However, these countries and others, such as Maldives or Seychelles, also have a high level of material consumption that requires changes from production to consumption stages. Countries with challenging contexts, such as Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, Comoros and to a lesser extent Cabo Verde, have less dedicated policies but various dispersed activities such as using renewable energy that could contribute to circularity. Extraction of natural resources in these countries remains an important source of growth that requires a systemic change towards circularity. Embracing a circular economy presents various opportunities to African islands especially considering the blue economy agendas adopted in these islands.

Freshwater resource availability in SIDS, including Mauritius, is on the verge of becoming a major constraint to socio-economic development. A freshwater vulnerability assessment was undertaken for the period of 2000–2015 to understand the present vulnerability of the water systems in Mauritius and a future vulnerability estimation. Currently, the freshwater sector has been classified as a moderately vulnerable sector with a Freshwater Vulnerability Index (FVI) of 0.36–0.38 derived from a resource availability of 1091–1184 m3/capita, a coefficient of rainfall variation of 0.206–0.220, a water exploitation rate of 72–76% and ecological degradation of 30–39% for the period of 2000–2015. For the period of 2020–2050 under a business as usual scenario, the freshwater sector remained in a moderate-vulnerability region whereby the water exploitation rate was found to be the most affected vulnerability parameter with an increase to 95% exploitation by 2050. Under the effects of climate change, the FVI increased to a range of 0.38–0.44 indicating a shift from moderate- to high-vulnerability region and the findings also indicate that the country is likely to enter into a water scarcity region (water availability of < 1000 m3/capita) by 2030 and face overexploitation of water resources (water exploitation rate > 100%) by 2040. For all three scenarios, the resource stress category showed the highest contribution on the calculated FVI with a share of contribution of 33–38% to the current FVI, 34–38% to the predicted FVI for a business as usual scenario and 40–43% to the predicted FVI under the effects of climate change.

This study assesses changes in coastal risk reduction and adaptation-labelled responses in Mauritius Island since the 1960s. Using research documents, interviews, field observations, image analysis, and case studies, it analyses evolutions in public and private stakeholders’ strategies, and the levers and barriers at play. Based on 60 beach sites, it reveals the prevalence (76.7%) of hard protection compared with no response (8.3%), ecosystem-based responses (3.3%), and combined responses (11.7%) and a nation-wide shift from hard and one-size-fits-all responses to soft and place-specific responses. This shift was driven by the failure of initial hard protection measures, which has pushed the Government of Mauritius to improve beach management practices, promote retreat where hard protection had failed, resort to external expertise and funding to design a well-informed risk reduction and adaptation policy, and implement demonstration projects. The “learning-by-doing” process and increased external support have thus allowed progress in risk reduction and adaptation at publicly managed beach sites. In contrast, privately managed (i.e. by residents and hotel companies) beach sites often exhibit increased risks, as a result of the proliferation of uncoordinated technical interventions, related cascading (beach loss, spread of coastal erosion downdrift), and lock-in effects. This study provides guidance for the ground-rooted and systematic analysis of coastal risk reduction and adaptation responses and their drivers at the local and national scale. It could serve as a first basis for framing nation-wide assessments aimed at taking stock of recent progress in coastal risk reduction and adaptation worldwide and help overcome barriers to adaptation.

Energy recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Mauritius is considered as a solution to enhance the country's energy security and tackle imminent waste management issues. This study applies an Analytical Hierarchy Process model for identifying the best waste to energy technology, which can be set up in Mauritius while taking into consideration technical as well as sustainability indicators. Incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion, were considered for the purpose of this study. As a result of the analysis, anaerobic digestion was ranked as the prioritised technology when social acceptance indicator, identified as the critical criterion, was attributed a high weight. When the effects of the critical criterion was either attenuated or eliminated during the sensitivity analysis, incineration emerged as the preferred technology. A critical analysis revealed that higher environmental and economic gains are expected to be generated as a result of implementing incineration for energy recovery in Mauritius. Finally, a review of the barriers hampering the implementation of an incineration plant in Mauritius demonstrated that the uptake of this technology is constrained by social acceptability. However, if proper awareness is conducted, energy recovery from municipal solid waste using incineration technology can become an interesting project for the Mauritian economy.

There are no studies that quantify the effects of price and income on the demand of fuel oil, gasoline and diesel oil in Mauritius. In line with increasing retail prices for these commodities, there is no estimation of the effect that increasing price, income and other variables like electricity and vehicle stock have on demand of petroleum products which affects effective policymaking in this area. This study uses an ARDL–ECM model to determine consumer response on petroleum demand when price and income in Mauritius changes. The study determines the income and price elasticities of demand which is a needed parameter in transportation and taxation policies. It was found that gasoline is price and income inelastic in the short–run, diesel oil is income inelastic in the long–run and fuel oil is inelastic in the short–run but becomes elastic in the long–run, other variables being not significant. The effect of rising electricity consumption on fuel oil demand was to a ratio of 1: 1.1 on average. Vehicle stock is estimated to cause unprecedented increase in gasoline demand by nearly 3.1% on average. Results are essential for transportation and energy taxation policymaking.

Located in the Indian Ocean, Mauritius is among the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), entirely reliant on coal, petroleum and some locally available renewable energy sources to satisfy energy needs. 22.7% of the electricity is generated by biomass, solar, landfill gas and hydro and the remaining by fossil fuels. Even with continual oil price volatilities and specific economic, social and environmental vulnerabilities compared to continental areas, Mauritius has successfully provided 100% electricity to all its residents. However, with a growth in population and economy, Mauritius faces a crucial challenge to supply more electrical power to all requiring sectors. Renewable energy appears to be the most effective solution to cater for the increase in electricity demand but there are still huge challenges to overcome for massive deployment of more renewable energy. In this context, this paper reviews the current electricity industry and fuel sources for electricity production in Mauritius. It also describes future energy policies for more renewable energy integration within the energy mix by 2025.

This dataset showcases the electricity generation data for Mauritius in 2014. It shows the sources of hydro, landfill gas, photovoltaic (PV), and bagasse, measured in gigawatt hours, along with its corresponding share as a percentage of the total electricity generation.

This dataset showcases the forecasted electricity generation mix in Mauritius from 2010 to 2025. It includes both renewable sources, like bagasse, hydro, waste-to-energy, wind, solar PV, and geothermal, and non-renewable sources, including fuel oil and coal. For each year (2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025), the dataset provides the projected share of total electricity generation for each source.

This document summarises the current situation of migration, environment and climate change in Mauritius and the country’s policies addressing environmental migration.

This dataset showcases the composition of non-hazardous solid waste in Mauritius for the years 2000 and 2002. It includes multiple categories of waste garden waste, kitchen/food waste, paper, plastic, metal, textiles, glass, fines, gravel, and miscellaneous materials. The dataset provides the percentage share of each waste material-type.

This dataset provides the amount of landfill waste in Mauritius for the years between 1998 and 2010. The waste amounts are valued in metric tons, throughout the years. Overall, this dataset provides an overview of the trends in solid waste flows over time.

In Mauritius, solid waste disposal has been a cause for concern since the 1980s. Currently, there is no segregation of waste and some 1200tonnes of solid waste are generated daily by the 1.24 million inhabitants of the island. As processes such as recycling and composting are still in their infancy stage, most of the waste generated have to be disposed of at the sole landfill. The solid waste management practices of 1980s and early 1990s are no longer compatible with the changing composition and quantity of wastes now generated. As a result, there is an urgency to review the whole waste management system and come forward with sustainable solutions. This paper presents an overview of the disposal of non-hazardous solid waste in Mauritius and provides recommendations for improving the current disposal system.

The numerous estuarine, marshy and marine ecosystems along the coastline of Mauritius Island are potential sinks for sediment especially during intense rainfall events when delivery ratios are high at basin outlets. For sustainable environmental management, soil and water conservation measures are needed, as these will better protect the cultivated lands and aquatic ecosystems from the damages associated with excessive soil loss and sediment deposition. Conservation program usually requires focusing available resources on a limited number of priority action areas. Such areas typically have the highest erosion risk and are connected to aquatic ecosystems. An erosion risk mapping model has been applied in this work to find the priority action areas of Mauritius and new datasets representing rainfall erosivity and topographic factors were used compared to a previous application of the same model. Rainfall erosivity was mapped with Fournier Index instead of rainfall depth. The topographic effect was mapped using a function combining slope length and slope gradient (LS) and was based on the unit contributing area algorithm along with land parcels effect. These new datasets improved the erosion risk mapping and the identification and prioritisation of high erosion areas. The prioritisation was done at basin and subbasin scales and considered the location of wetlands. This enabled the identification of basins and subbasins with the greatest erosion risk and towards which conservation measures can be directed for protecting lands on-site and wetlands off-site from environmental damages.